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- At least seven types of language distributions (Carpene 1999; Romaine 1999; Barron-Hauwaert 2004; De Houwer 2009; Müller et al. 2011):
-- 1. One person → one language (a):
--- Parents have different first languages
--- Speak to the child in their respective languages
--- One of the two languages = community language
-- 2. One person → one language (b):
--- Parents have different first languages
--- Speak to the child in their respective languages
--- Community language is a third language